The immune system is responsible for detecting and repairing physiological disorders through both immune responses and critical regulatory processes [14, 15]. However, relative to other organs, the intestinal immune system faces unique challenges resulting from continuous exposure to significant microbial loads. The gut microbiota does not simply evade the immune system to persist in the gastrointestinal tract, and recent research has shown that these microorganisms contribute to the development, maturation, and regulation of the immune system [16, 17]. Due to the abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota, it is important to identify individual species within these communities and their associated effects on the immune system, especially for uncultured or low-abundance microorganisms. Germ-free animals and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are techniques that have been widely used to study the contribution of microbiota (individual species or healthy communities) to the host immune system.
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